2006:Audio Tempo Extraction

Proposer

Martin F. McKinney (Philips) mckinney@alum.mit.edu

Dirk Moelants (IPEM, Ghent University) dirk@moelants.net Title

Automatic tempo extraction

The contest will be very similar to last year's contest except that we will ignore phase (a parallel beat-tracking contest will also be run this year). We will use the same groundtruth data as last year but the scoring will be slightly different (see evaluation section below).

Description

This contest will compare current methods for the extraction of tempo from musical audio. We distinguish between notated tempo and perceptual tempo and will test for the extraction of perceptual tempo. We will also test for tempo following if there is enough interest.

We differentiate between notated tempo and perceived tempo. If you have the notated tempo (e.g., from the score) it is straightforward attach a tempo annotation to an excerpt and run a contest for algorithms to predict the notated tempo. For excerpts for which we have no "official" tempo annotation, we can also annotate the *perceived* tempo. This is not a straightforward task and needs to be done carefully. If you ask a group of listeners (including skilled musicians) to annotate the tempo of music excerpts, they can give you different answers (they tap at different metrical levels) if they are unfamiliar with the piece. For some excerpts the perceived pulse or tempo is less ambiguous and everyone taps at the same metrical level, but for other excerpts the tempo can be quite ambiguous and you get a complete split across listeners.

The annotation of perceptual tempo can take several forms: a probability density function as a function of tempo; a series of tempos, ranked by their respective perceptual salience; etc. These measures of perceptual tempo can be used as a ground truth on which to test algorithms for tempo extraction. The dominant perceived tempo is sometimes the same as the notated tempo but not always. A piece of music can "feel" faster or slower than it's notated tempo in that the dominant perceived pulse can be a metrical level higher or lower than the notated tempo.

There are several reasons to examine the perceptual tempo, either in place of or in addition to the notated tempo. For many applications of automatic tempo extractors, the perceived tempo of the music is more relevant than the notated tempo. An automatic playlist generator or music navigator, for instance, might allow listeners to select or filter music by its (automatically extracted) tempo. In this case, the "feel", or perceptual tempo may be more relevant than the notated tempo. An automatic DJ apparatus might also perform better with a representation of perceived tempo rather than notated tempo.

A more pragmatic reason for using perceptual tempo rather than notated tempo as a ground truth for our contest is that we simply do not have the notated tempo of our test set. If we notate it by having a panel of expert listeners tap along and label the excerpts, we are by default dealing with the perceived tempo. The handling of this data as ground truth must be done with care.

Participants

• Geoffroy Peeters (IRCAM), peeters@ircam.fr
• Douglas Eck (University of Montreal), eckdoug@iro.umontreal.ca
• Matthew Davies (Queen Mary, University of London), matthew.davies@elec.qmul.ac.uk

Other Potential Participants

• Miguel Alonso (ENST), miguel.alonso@enst.fr
• George Tzanetakis (University of Victoria), gtzan@cs.uvic.ca
• Bill Sethares (University of Wisconsin-Madison), sethares@ece.wisc.edu
• Fabien Gouyon (University Pompeu Fabra) and Simon Dixon (OFAI), fgouyon@iua.upf.es, simon@oefai.at
• Iasonas Antonopoulos (University of Athens), jantonop@uoa.gr

Evaluation Procedures

This section focuses on the mechanics of the method while we discuss the data (music excerpts and perceptual data) in the next section. There are two general steps to the method: 1) collection of perceptual tempo annotations; and 2) evaluation of tempo extraction algorithms.

1) Perceptual tempo data collection

The following procedure is described in more detail in McKinney and Moelants (2004) and Moelants and McKinney (2004). Listeners will be asked to tap to the beat of a series of musical excerpts. Responses will be collected and their perceived tempo will be calculated. For each excerpt, a distribution of perceived tempo will be generated. A relatively simple form of perceived tempo is proposed for this contest: The two highest peaks in the perceived tempo distribution for each excerpt will be taken, along with their respective heights (normalized to sum to 1.0) as the two tempo candidates for that particular excerpt. The height of a peak in the distribution is assumed to represent the perceptual salience of that tempo. In addition to tempo, the phase and tapping times of listeners will also be recorded to evaluation of phase-locking ability of tempo-extraction algorithms.

References:

• McKinney, M.F. and Moelants, D. (2004), Deviations from the resonance theory of tempo induction, Conference on Interdisciplinary Musicology, Graz. URL: http://gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at/~cim04/CIM04_paper_pdf/McKinney_Moelants_CIM04_proceedings_t.pdf
• Moelants, D. and McKinney, M.F. (2004), Tempo perception and musical content: What makes a piece slow, fast, or temporally ambiguous? International Conference on Music Perception & Cognition, Evanston, IL. URL: http://www.northwestern.edu/icmpc/proceedings/ICMPC8/PDF/AUTHOR/MP040237.PDF

2) Evaluation of tempo extraction algorithms

Algorithms will process musical excerpts and return the following data: Two tempi in BPM (T1 and T2, where T1 is the slower of the two tempi). For a given algorithm, the performance, P, for each audio excerpt will be given by the following equation:

P = ST1 * TT1 + (1 - ST1) * TT2

where ST1 is the relative perceptual strength of T1 (given by groundtruth data, varies from 0 to 1.0), TT1 is the ability of the algorithm to identify T1 to within 8%, and TT2 is the ability of the algorithm to identify T2 to within 8%. No credit will be given for tempi other than T1 and T2.

The algorithm with the best average P-score will win the contest. We will provide some measures of statistical significance to the results, most likely through bootstrapping the test data.

Relevant Test Collections

We will use a collection of 160 musical exerpts for the evaluation procedure. 40 of the excerpts have been taken from one of our previous experiments (See McKinney/Moelants ICMPC paper above).

Excerpts were selected to provide:

• stable tempo within each excerpt
• a good distribution of tempi across excerpts
• a large variety of instrumentation and beat strengths (with and without percussion)
• a variation of musical styles, including many non-western styles
• the presence of non-binary meters (about 20% have a ternary element and there are a few examples with odd or changing meter).

We will provide 20 excerpts with ground truth data for participants to try/tune their algorithms before submission. The remaining 140 excerpts will be novel to all participants.